Coffee to go in Brazil? | Business | DW.COM | 23.02.2017

Brazilian President Michel Temer on Thursday provisionally dangling authorisation of coffee imports from Vietnam that would have noted a initial time a world’s largest writer would buy immature coffee abroad.

“Temer has motionless to temporarily postpone a magnitude to improved weigh a conditions with other supervision bodies,” a president’s bureau pronounced in a statement.

The preference to backtrack came after a assembly with lawmakers with ties to coffee farmers in a country.

The supervision had creatively authorised a import of 1 million 60-kilo robusta bean bags from Vietnam to opposite a harmful impact of years of drought in Brazil’s coffee-growing regions.

Meeting direct gets harder

Brazil’s possess robusta coffee bonds have depressed neatly in a tip producing state of Espirito Santo. The supervision estimated stream volumes during 2 million bags, that processors pronounced were not adequate to cover even dual months of demand.

But farmers have fiercely against any imports, observant that beans from abroad could move different diseases to domestic plantations.

What’s worrying them even some-more is that coffee prices could dump steeply in Brazil on a behind of cheaper imports. This is because they insist that there are adequate internal beans to accommodate attention needs until a new stand starts to strike warehouses around May.

President Michel Temer will still have to emanate a direct rigourously canceling coffee imports, given authorised papers opening a marketplace have already been published.

hg/jd (Reuters, dpa)

 

Cafe combines dual loves of San Francisco: coffee, drudge technology

SAN FRANCISCO — As Katy Franco waited for her morning coffee, passers-by pulled out their phones and snapped photos and video of her barista.

A male in his 20s did a double take, available a stage on his iPhone and posted it to Instagram. Another lady drifted toward a barista and asked no one in particular: “What’s going on here?”

Franco’s barista was a robot. It’s partial of an programmed coffee emporium called Cafe X — a latest instance of San Francisco’s twin infatuations: artisanal coffee and programmed technology.

“It’s impossibly convenient,” pronounced Franco, who has used Cafe X twice given it non-stop during a finish of January. “And a coffee is unequivocally good too.”

Moments earlier, Franco had systematic her coffee regulating a Cafe X mobile app. Now a white robotic arm, a same kind used in automobile production facilities, was relocating around a paper cup, pulling on syrup levers and brewing her a prohibited crater of coffee.

“I cite this given we don’t have to wait,” pronounced Franco, whose coffee was done in reduction than a minute. “It even accepts PayPal.”

Comments like Franco’s ring as validation to Henry Hu’s ears. Hu, a 23-year-old college castaway who founded Cafe X, envisioned his coffee kiosk as a answer to prolonged waits during coffee shops: a well-made crater of coffee delivered quickly, well and during a comparatively low cost. A prosaic white during Cafe X is $2.95, compared with $3.75 during Starbucks — no tip required.

On a speed front, Cafe X can make a prohibited espresso libation in reduction than a notation and is means to siphon out 120 coffee drinks in an hour. A Cafe X kiosk can occupy as small as 50 block feet, nonetheless a footprint in San Francisco’s Metreon selling mall is a small over 100 block feet and was many recently home to another programmed tenant: a Bank of America ATM.

Encased in plexiglass, a kiosk contains dual coffee machines versed to decoction Americanos, espressos, cappuccinos, lattes and prosaic whites. Customers can sequence their splash from a Cafe X mobile app or during one of dual iPads mounted outward a kiosk. The whole transaction is cashless, and business even get a presentation on their phone when their coffee is ready.

“It’s identical to pursuit an Uber,” pronounced Hu, who sees his kiosk as stuffing a void. “It’s for people who wish a grab-and-go coffee, who wish consistency.”

Tech investors have started dipping their toes in a food industry, subsidy a dish deputy startup Soylent, a feign beef organisation Impossible Foods and specialty coffee spit Blue Bottle, among others. Cafe X is lifting money from those who find a tie of a informed (technology) and a new (food).

In further to securing a $100,000 Thiel Fellowship final year (a extend awarded by PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel’s substructure to college dropouts who wish to form their possess companies), Hu has lifted $5 million in try collateral to enhance Cafe X to some-more locations. His 12-person startup built a initial Cafe X kiosk in Hong Kong final year. The second kiosk — and a initial in a United States — sits opposite from an AMC sheet opposite inside a Metreon.

“People, millennials in particular, don’t wish to wait in line,” pronounced Ben Ling, an financier from Khosla Ventures, whose organisation has also invested in a programmed San Francisco quinoa grill Eatsa. “Cafe X unequivocally solves that problem of a grouping efficiency. From a user perspective, it’s vastly superior.”

Automation helps keep costs low for business owners, that in spin creates products and services some-more affordable for consumers, Ling said. That’s because automation — quite in a food use and liberality industries — seems inevitable.

Self-driving cars are already being tested on U.S. roads. Manufacturing comforts and warehouses have already programmed whole professions. And while a multipurpose drudge that can do all that a waiter or cook can do is still a ways off, synthetic comprehension and industrial robotics have modernized to a turn where they can start chipping divided during a some-more basic tools of a food use job.

“Anything that has rarely repeated tasks that don’t need visualisation is suitable to be automated,” Ling said.

With pursuit detriment a tip emanate in today’s domestic environment, a coffee emporium that does divided with baristas or a lunch mark that does divided with wait staff could be a reason for outrage. But Eatsa has so distant been a strike with bureau workers in San Francisco’s Financial District. And in a initial weeks of operation, Cafe X has drawn fast-moving lines and extraordinary crowds who snap photos and videos of a kiosk.

Cafe X isn’t entirely automated. Although it doesn’t need a barista, it does need a technician to purify and restock coffee machines, one product dilettante to sojourn on site to answer questions during handling hours, and program and hardware engineers to say a app and build out a kiosk. And given a whole operation relies on an internet connection, if a internet is down, so is a kiosk.

McDonald’s UK Has Had It with Your Damned Artisanal Coffee

What does it take to sequence a elementary crater of coffee, eh?? The answer in Great Britain appears to be “a fuck of a lot.”

Leo Burnett London done use of a overly strict informative impulse to “gently travesty civic hipster coffee culture” in a new McDonald’s debate that competence as good run with a tagline “We Have The Beans.”

This reminds us of that time we spent some-more than dual weeks in Italy, and a coffee we had when we got behind home was a best thing ever.

And yeah, we totally don’t get because everybody has to sequence some uncanny pumpkin latte mini-shot espresso surfaced with cinnamon piquancy or whatever. A elementary coffee will suffice.

Creative executive Matt Lee said, “We’re reminding people that if you’re simply after a good tasting crater of coffee, though a fuss, afterwards McDonald’s is a place for you. If we cite an artisanal Amazonian blend, served with a gossip of yak’s divert in a reclaimed jam jar, afterwards we competence wish to go somewhere else.”

LOL, though afterwards when has McDonald’s ever been famous for a coffee?

Also kind of peculiar that an ad decrying hipsters picked Madness for a subsidy track. Maybe even a simple bros in London fall for that old-school ska flavor.

CREDITS

Creative Director: Matt Lee and Pete Hayes
Art Director: Matt Lee and Pete Hayes
Copywriter: Matt Lee and Pete Hayes

Account Directors
Simon Hewitt – Board Account Director
Sam Houlston – Account Director
Emily Reed – Senior Account Manager
Gracie Smith – Account Executive

Agency Producer: David Riley
Director: Tony Barry
Production Co: Knucklehead
Producer: Sara Cummins

In Auckland, Catalyst Coffee Is A Champions’ Cafe

catalyst coffee auckland new zealand cafeteria sprudge

Sometimes a coffee business can be like a summer holiday romance. You accommodate that special chairman on a outing in Europe, and dual years after finish adult being together. Only this time, it’s a loyalty incited into a business partnership. On Feb 1, 2017, Catalyst Coffee in Auckland, New Zealand strictly non-stop by dual really ardent baristas.

Hanna Teramoto and Xin Yi Loke are dual enormously achieved baristas. Both won inhabitant barista championships behind in 2014—Teramoto representing New Zealand, Xin Yi Loke representing Singapore. They initial met in Remini, Italy during a World Barista Championship, when as predestine and fitness would have it, their backstage credentials tables were right subsequent to any other. From there a unfailing loyalty began, with a twin assisting any other gloss equipment, taste-test coffees, and fastening over their common knowledge during a WBC.

catalyst coffee auckland new zealand cafeteria sprudge

Hanna Teramoto (right) and Xi Yin Loke (left) of Catalyst Coffee.

But when a foe came to an end, a loyalty didn’t. Xi Yin Loke visited Teramoto in New Zealand in 2015, and a thought to go into business together began to take shape. It was a outrageous change for a Singaporean champion, to consider of withdrawal a unenlightened city and prohibited continue of her plentiful capital for a partially mild, sprawling South Seas vibe of Auckland. The name, Catalyst Coffee, was innate out of this moment—it means “beginning of changes”, describes a hurdles of withdrawal your home, starting a new business, and building what a twin hopes is a uninformed take on a cafeteria experience.

catalyst coffee auckland new zealand cafeteria sprudge

Catalyst Coffee is nestled in a Remuera Village Green, a selling retard in Auckland that was initial built in 1928. Being tucked divided from a loud categorical travel is what they both wanted—that approach Catalyst can essay to be a backstreet emporium with “character and good coffee,” a owners tell me. All a coffees are served in takeaway cups, though this is some-more than only a takeaway shop—only single-origin coffees are offered, no blends. The Catalyst group wants to prominence a fundamental flavors of start while promulgation a summary to business that coffee is a seasonal, rural product. Elements of a menu during Catalyst will change regularly, including coffee roasters.

catalyst coffee auckland new zealand cafeteria sprudge

Espresso drinks are pumped out from a tradition two-group La Marzocco Linea PB, and filter coffee is manually brewed with a Clever Dripper or V60, or other methods on request. Current coffees on offer are from New Zealand’s own Red Rabbit Coffee Company (espresso), Onibus Coffee from Japan (filter), and Ninety Plus Coffee (espresso and filter). Teramoto herself processed a special lot during Ninety Plus Magokoro Estate in Ethiopia as partial of a immature coffee company’s ongoing promotional relations with name inhabitant champions worldwide.

If you’re hungry, there are also pastries such as croissants, palmiers, and caneles from Auckland’s French bakery La Voie Francaise. If you’re not in a mood for coffee, single-origin chocolate drinks and name teas are also offered.

catalyst coffee auckland new zealand cafeteria sprudge

catalyst coffee auckland new zealand cafeteria sprudge

I asked a owners how their knowledge as barista champions shabby their choices during Catalyst. Both resolutely determine that a competitions have done them improved baristas and improved people since they have been competing with their “inner selves.” When asked to report their relationship, Teramoto answered, “We cover any other’s diseased points.” Loke handles all a numbers and accounting; Teramoto oversees a shop’s song selections and vibe.

Together this emporium is a perfection of Teramoto and Loke’s dream and a earthy illustration of their clever loyalty as consanguine spirits in a coffee world. The highway is prolonged and a lot is designed for a destiny of Catalyst, including a roastery someday down a road. But for now, they’re low in a daily existence of tiny business ownership.

catalyst coffee auckland new zealand cafeteria sprudge

The many formidable partial of environment adult a shop? “Labour!” they shouted in unison. Both are looking like genuine emporium owners these days, lonesome with paint from a hold adult here or there, exhausted, smiling, and open for business.

Dianne Wang is a Sprudge writer formed in New Zealand. Read some-more Dianne Wang on Sprudge.

McDonald’s Is About to Make Its Coffee Even Cheaper

Image
Photo: McDonald’s

It looks like Mickey D’s is doubling down on a large offered indicate of a McCafé specialty drinks, that is that they’re cheaper than only about everybody else’s. The sequence has struggled to keep business entrance in ever given a all-day-breakfast hype died down, so Bloomberg says that to perk business behind up, it’s going to try discounting beverages even more. That means that commencement in April, business can have any distance soda for $1, or a latte, blended frappé, or smoothie for only $2. No doubt McDonald’s hopes a graduation siphons business divided from archrival Starbucks, that has started bragging newly about offered a $12 crater of coffee.

The cheap-drinks devise is radically what Sonic Drive-In polished with a afternoon “happy hour,” when we could measure deals on 44-ounce cherry limeades and solidified slushes with Nerds sprinkled on top. Customers are a small some-more health-conscious these days though, and also, it turns out, snobbier about their coffee. McDonald’s has made overtures to that, though a devise here seems to wish that people are finally fed adult adequate with a third-wave trend that they’ll acquire a lapse to boring, no-frills coffee.

Coincidentally, a sequence also only expelled a flattering waggish new ad over in England ripping costly coffeehouses for their bazillion variations on a squalid latte, bougie banker’s hours, and pretended Wi-Fi passwords. It even works in a appropriate during that (thankfully brief) “deconstructed” latte trend.

Surely another sum coincidence, though maybe value noting: Specialty coffee beverages are crazy moneymakers in a grill business. The domain on those drinks is violent — analysts contend it can be as high as 90 percent in some cases.

McDonald’s Is About to Make Its Coffee Even Cheaper [Updated]

Image
Photo: McDonald’s

It looks like Mickey D’s is doubling down on a large offered indicate of a McCafé drinks, that is that they’re cheaper than only about everybody else’s. The sequence has struggled to keep business entrance in ever given a all-day-breakfast hype died down, so Bloomberg says that to perk business behind up, it’s going to try discounting a cold beverages even more. That means that commencement in April, business can have any distance soda for $1, or a small-sized frappé, shake, or smoothie for only $2. No doubt McDonald’s hopes a graduation siphons business divided from archrival Starbucks, that has started bragging newly about offered a $12 crater of coffee.

The cheap-drinks devise is radically what Sonic Drive-In polished with a afternoon “happy hour,” when we could measure deals on 44-ounce cherry limeades and solidified slushes with Nerds sprinkled on top. Customers are a small some-more health-conscious these days though, and also, it turns out, snobbier about their coffee. McDonald’s has made overtures to that, though a devise here seems to wish that people are finally fed adult adequate with a third-wave trend that they’ll acquire a lapse to reduction frou-frou–y coffee that doesn’t need a gooseneck kettle.

Coincidentally, a sequence also only expelled a flattering waggish new ad over in England ripping costly coffeehouses for their bazillion variations on a squalid latte, bougie banker’s hours, and pretended Wi-Fi passwords. It even works in a appropriate during that (thankfully brief) “deconstructed” latte trend.

Surely another sum coincidence, though maybe value noting: Specialty coffee beverages are crazy moneymakers in a grill business. The domain on those drinks is violent — analysts contend it can be as high as 90 percent in some cases.

Update: This post creatively pronounced a graduation practical to prohibited espresso beverages too, though a repute for McDonald’s records those drinks have indeed been $2 given January.

Brazil Suspends Coffee Imports Amid Opposition From Farmers

Brazil’s supervision temporarily dangling a pierce to import coffee amid a conflict between farmers and a country’s instant-coffee industry.

President Michel Temer done a preference late Tuesday after Government Secretariat Minister Antonio Imbassahy met with congressmen and farmers from coffee-producing states in Brasilia, according to a matter posted on a secretariat’s website.

According to a statement, a boss motionless to reassess a matter after lawmakers presented information display Brazilian robusta coffee reserve are sufficient for domestic needs and pronounced that imports would mistreat farmers.

Temer’s preference represents a quick annulment on a emanate that has pitted growers opposite processors in a country, a world’s biggest writer and trade of coffee. On Monday, Agriculture Minister Blairo Maggi pronounced a supervision would concede supposed immature robusta imports from Vietnam, following months of lobbying from Brazilian makers of present coffee. On Tuesday, Congressman Ricardo Ferraco, from Espirito Santo state, filed a check in a country’s Senate to stop a move.

A two-year drought has led to a tumble in outlay of robusta beans in Espirito Santo, a country’s biggest grower of a variety. Deputy Evair Vieira de Melo, who’s from a state, pronounced Tuesday before a assembly with Imbassahy that if a preference to concede imports wasn’t reversed, “the weight of it” would tumble on Temer.

Brazil unsuccessfully attempted to import immature coffee in May 2016. The supervision had certified 400 metric tons of coffee from Peru and after rescinded a magnitude after producers protested. The emanate is pitting a country’s roasters and a present coffee attention opposite farmers.

Imports are indispensable since of a nonesuch of beans, Maggi pronounced on Monday. He pronounced a nation mislaid instant-coffee marketplace share in Jan and February.

“I honour growers, though imports are indispensable amid a miss of coffee in a domestic market,” Maggi said.

Plunging Prices

Domestic robusta prices have plummeted 22 percent from a record high on Nov. 14 on import talks, according to a University of Sao Paulo’s Cepea investigate unit. Since then, coffee farmers in Espirito Santo have mislaid 500 million reais ($162 million) of intensity income since of a cost decline, Melo said.

Brazil’s cultivation method on Monday published phytosanitary mandate to import robusta immature coffee from Vietnam. It includes a 1 million-bag share for a domestic marketplace and total amounts of immature coffee imports for estimate and re-exporting, a use famous as drawback, Luis Eduardo Pacifici Rangel, Brazil’s secretary for rural defense, pronounced by phone.

Potential importers might be endangered that beans grown abroad could move in pests or other phytosanitary threats into a country’s farms, Johannesburg-based merchant I. M. Smith Ltd. pronounced in a news on Tuesday. While this could delayed a gait of probable inbound purchases, once successful imports are completed, a gait could accelerate shortly after, it said.

Raising Cattle

Robusta prices in London are adult 53 percent in a final 12 months amid supply concerns, while arabica futures in New York have climbed about 26 percent compared with a year ago.

The boss of Brazil’s tip robusta grower Cooabriel, Antonio Joaquim de Souza Neto, pronounced imports would daunt robusta coffee farmers from producing a bean.

“Growers will modify their farms to furnish peppers or lift cattle,” Neto pronounced by phone before Temer’s preference on Tuesday. Cooxupe, Brazil’s largest arabica-coffee cooperative, also opposes coffee imports.

Kickstart Your Morning With This Coffee Butter – Geek.com

Most people already splash copiousness of coffee with their breakfast in some form or fashion. For some, coffee is all that’s on daub for breakfast given that’s all they have time for. If usually there were some reduction of a dual that we could take in on a go. Japan does it again, this time with a new product in a works called coffee butter, a widespread that’s flavored like coffee that we can slather all over your toast, bread, pancakes, waffles and other breakfast items.

The product is called Snow Brand Coffee Soft, with “soft” being a name given to Japanese spreads that resemble butter, and it’s rising on Mar 1 in jubilee of a 55th anniversary of Megmilk Snow Brand’s coffee drink. Megmilk Snow Brand is one of Japan’s largest dairy companies, and as such a coffee butter will underline a same season as a coffee drink, one of a many renouned in a entirety of Japan. It’s a cold coffee drink, and yet I’ve never had it we assume it substantially tastes identical to something like a Starbucks coffee splash we can get in a potion bottles or a identical branded coffee product.

The butter sounds like a tasty choice to grabbing a coffee on a approach to work and is pronounced to have “sweet and mellow chalky undertones,” so it substantially won’t be a outrageous pound of coffee right in your face or anything, and it will be comparatively inexpensive during 230 yen a pack. So if you’re in Japan and wanting a strike of caffeine with your breakfast, we competence wish to collect some of this adult and revelry in a tasty caffeinated coffee taste. Then make certain we send your friends during Geek a box since that’s a right thing to do. We’re friends, right?

Business Q&A: Shiva Coffee, Aurora – The Denver Post

Business: Shiva Coffee
Address: 17070 E. Quincy Ave., Aurora
Hours: 6 a.m.-6 p.m. Monday-Friday, 7 a.m.-4 p.m. Saturday, 7 a.m.-2 p.m. Sunday
Founded: 2015
Contact: 303-284-5359, shivacoffee.com
Employees: 3

Interview with Shankar Ramakrishnan, owner

Q: How did we get concerned in this business?
A: I like coffee and coffee roasting is my hobby. we always roasted my coffee for my possess consumption. Coffee should be consumed fresh, and we motionless to offer same knowledge to customers.

Q: What distinguishes we from other businesses in your category?
A: We source a possess immature coffee beans. We source usually organic, fair-trade beans. We fry a coffee beans right during a emporium so it is as uninformed as it gets. We offer a top peculiarity in terms of coffee drinks. No one else does it on a side of a town. We fry usually what we need for a week so it is fresh. We also offer business a possibility to tradition sequence their fry so it is really personal.

Q: What do we like best about your line of work?
A: Customer use and a feeling that we yield a best coffee but most mistreat to a coffee farmers and environment.

Q: What is your business’ biggest challenge?
A: Bringing some-more people to a emporium and lifting recognition about a peculiarity of a coffee they can devour here compared to large chains.

Q: Something people competence be astounded to learn about we or your business:
A: Coffee beans do go bad after certain duration of time usually like any food. We fry a possess coffee in a emporium and we source usually organic, fair-trade beans.

Exactly how most coffee is too most coffee | Fox News

Can we splash too most coffee?

Many of us do not feel tellurian though a daily coffee repair and indeed a appetite inducing effects of caffeine can be a disproportion between flourishing and abounding on a daily basis.

Although there are some advantages compared with immoderate assuage amounts of caffeine, we can devour too much.

So how do we know if we are celebration too most coffee and what are a signs that we might need to cut back?

Individuals have vastly incompatible tolerances for caffeine; some people can splash 10 or some-more coffees any day though any disastrous side effects, while others are intensely supportive and are heavily shabby by usually one or dual caffeine-containing substances. For this reason what is too most for one chairman might not indispensably be a box for others.

COULD THIS ANTIOXIDANT OFFER A POSSIBLE CURE FOR AGING?

For a normal person, aiming to keep caffeine expenditure next 400-500 milligrams (this equates to one or dual barista character coffees any day along with a integrate of cups of tea) is deliberate “safe” and not related to a neglected side effects of a racing heart rate, insomnia, restlessness, irritability, nausea and confused vision.

The emanate for many of us is that additional quantities of caffeine can trip in when vast coffee orders can proportion to as most as 200-300 mg of caffeine in a singular serving. It is possible, nonetheless difficult, to overdose on caffeine, quite when it is being consumed around drinks as against to a strong powdered form. Therefore, on a daily basis, it is critical to not concentration on overdoing and instead figure out a volume of caffeine we can devour though pang from disastrous side effects on nap and cognitive functioning.

HOW YOUR BODY SHAPE MAY INFLUENCE YOUR DISEASE RISK

A pointer that we might be immoderate too most caffeine is if we find that we rest on it to get by a day and knowledge impassioned withdrawal symptoms when we revoke a volume we are having.

Caffeine is a stimulant, that means it affects a executive shaken system, augmenting heart rate and blood flow. The evident effects are increasing appetite and attention, though a downside is that this stimulatory outcome is a short-term advantage only, with appetite slumps and sleepy ordinarily gifted approximately an hour after a caffeine has been ingested.

For those who are sensitive, high levels of caffeine (particularly during night) might also deteriorate your ability to get to nap or outcome in a nervous sleep.

Generally speaking, we also turn increasingly passive of caffeine over time. This can explain because once on a time one crater of coffee was some-more than enough, since now we can simply down 3 or four.

IS TRUMP STRESSING OUT THE COUNTRY?

For this reason, environment a transparent extent for yourself that takes into comment your personal turn of toleration is a pivotal to not celebration too much, too often.

The delegate emanate compared with celebration too most coffee is that in many cases a coffee is adding additional calories and sugarine interjection to a divert bottom and sugarine additions. While black coffee and true espresso enclose minimal calories, lattes and cappuccinos are packaged full of calories. In addition, celebration milk-based coffee over extended durations of time also boost a possibility that fat will be stored in a liver. For this reason, for people who select and can endure some-more than one or dual coffees any day, black coffee or espresso are a best options.

An extreme expenditure of coffee is also expected to meant that we are not celebration adequate water. Dehydration leaves us feeling sleepy and dull and can delayed a digestive complement withdrawal us feeling magisterial and clogged up. While we can be tempted to strech for some-more coffee to perk us up, we are expected to advantage from a small reduction coffee and a lot some-more water.

THE COMMON FOOD ADDITIVE THAT MAY BE UPSETTING YOUR STOMACH

The one organisation of people who need to be generally clever of their coffee intake is those with underlying heart conditions. Caffeine can boost resting heart rate significantly which, when joined with high-intensity activity, can even be dangerous. The same can be pronounced for simply shabby teenagers who see a fun in immoderate strong sources of caffeine around coffee, appetite drinks, and even supplements. This group, who might not be wakeful of any underlying issues with their heart, need to be quite clever with immoderate extreme amounts of coffee and caffeine and keep their intake good next a top endorsed boundary of 400-500 mg per day.

How most caffeine are we drinking?

  • Black coffee 65-120 mg
  • Espresso 30-60 mg
  • Latte or cappuccino 100-120 mg
  • Energy drinks 80-100 mg
  • Tea 10-50 mg